Degrees Rømer (°Rø) Unit Definition

The Rømer scale is no longer in use but is of some historical importance. Alongside the Newton scale, it was the first calibrated scale. Previous thermometers gave only an indication of whether the temperature was rising or falling, or else were highly inaccurate. For instance, the top and bottom marks of thermometers were typically set to the hottest and coldest days, respectively, of the current year which clearly would vary from year to year. The idea of using two fiduciary points with equally spaced calibration marks between them was completely new.

In this scale, the zero was initially set using freezing brine. The boiling point of water was defined as 60 degrees. Rømer then saw that the freezing point of pure water was roughly one eighth of the way (about 7.5 degrees) between these two points, so he redefined the lower fixed point to be the freezing point of water at precisely 7.5 degrees. This did not greatly change the scale but made it easier to calibrate by defining it by reference to pure water. Thus, the unit of this scale, a Rømer degree, is 100/52.5 = 40/21 of a kelvin or Celsius degree.

Rømer was familiar with Galileo's thermoscope and understood that its large inaccuracies were due to it being affected by air pressure as well as temperature. He followed Ferdinand II of Tuscany's idea of enclosing a liquid in a sealed glass tube which made it immune to pressure changes. Rømer's thermometer was also an improvement in the fluid that he used. He used a mixture of alcohol and water, conveniently available in the form of wine. This avoided the drawbacks of both the low boiling point of pure alcohol and the extreme non-linearity of pure water near freezing.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, inventor of the Fahrenheit scale, learned of Rømer's work and visited him in 1708. Fahrenheit described how he borrowed the idea for his scale from this visit but increased the number of divisions.

Newton published his scale in the same year as Rømer. Newton's system was calibrated between the freezing point of water (0 degrees) and human body temperature (12 degrees). Newtons temperature scale was a coarser scale, but unlike Rømer's it was not intended for everyday use. Newton's interest was in determining the boiling points of metals, which are not readily accessible with Rømer's system based on liquid thermometers.

• Absolute zero (exactly): -135.90 °Ro

• Boiling point of liquid nitrogen: -95.30 °Ro

• Sublimation point of dry ice: -33.45 °Ro

• Intersection of Celsius and Fahrenheit scales: -13.50 °Ro

• Melting point of H2O (purified ice): 7.50 °Ro

• Room temperature (NIST standard): 18 °Ro

• Normal human body temperature (average): 26.93 °Ro

• Waters boiling point at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) (approximate: see Boiling point): 59.9915 °Ro

Here are the conversion formulas used to convert both from and to degrees rømer:

• Degrees Celsius or Centigrade (°C)
• Degrees Delisle (°De)
• Degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
• Degrees Newton (°N)
• Degrees Rankine (°Ra)
• Degrees Réaumur (°Ré)
• Degrees Rømer (°Rø)
• Kelvin (K)

• Degrees Réaumur (°Ré)
• Degrees Rankine (°Ra)
• Degrees Newton (°N)
• Kelvin (K)
• Degrees Celsius or Centigrade (°C)
• Degrees Fahrenheit (°F)

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“Rømer Scale.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Jan. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rømer_scale.