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Petabytes (PB) Unit Definition

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A petabyte is 1015 bytes (B) of digital information. Therefore, 1 PB = 1000000000000000 B = 1015 bytes = 1000 terabytes (TB) and 1000 PB = 1 exabyte (EB). The petabyte is represented by the symbol PB.

Overview

The name is composed of the SI prefix peta (P) composed with the non-SI unit of a byte. A related unit, the pebibyte (PiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to 10245 bytes, which is more than 12% greater (250 bytes = 1125899906842624 bytes).

Examples

Examples of data in Petabytes (PB):

  • Telecommunications (capacity): The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two way telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes of information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2,200 petabytes in 2000, and 65,000 petabytes in 2007 (this is the informational equivalent to every person exchanging 6 newspapers per day).

  • Telecommunications (usage): In 2008, AT&T transferred about 30 petabytes of data through its networks each day. That number grew to 197 petabytes daily by March 2018.

  • Email: In May 2013, Microsoft announces that as part of their migration of Hotmail accounts to the new Outlook.com email service, they migrated over 150 petabytes of user data in six weeks.

  • File sharing (centralized): At its 2012 closure of file storage services, Megaupload held ~28 petabytes of user uploaded data.

  • File sharing (peer-to-peer): 2013 - BitTorrent Sync has transferred over 30 petabytes of data since its pre-alpha release in January 2013.

  • National Library: The American Memory digital archive of public domain resources hosted by the United States Library of Congress contained 15 million digital objects in 2016, comprising over 7 petabytes of digital data.

  • Video streaming: As of May 2013, Netflix had 3.14 petabytes of video master copies, which it compresses and converts into 100 different formats for streaming.

  • Photos: As of January 2013, Facebook users had uploaded over 240 billion photos, with 350 million new photos every day. For each uploaded photo, Facebook generates and stores four images of different sizes, which translated to a total of 960 billion images and an estimated 357 petabytes of storage.

  • Music: One petabyte of average MP3 encoded songs (for mobile, roughly one megabyte per minute), would require 2000 years to play.

  • Steam, a digital distribution service, delivers over 16 petabytes of content to American users weekly.

  • Physics: The experiments in the Large Hadron Collider produce about 15 petabytes of data per year, which are distributed over the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. In July 2012 it was revealed that CERN amassed about 200 petabytes of data from the more than 800 trillion collisions looking for the Higgs boson. The Large Hadron Collider is also able to produce 1 petabyte of data per second, but most of it is filtered out.

  • Neurology: It is estimated that the human brain's ability to store memories is equivalent to about 2.5 petabytes of binary data.

  • Video: Uncompressed 1080p 30 fps HD RGB video (1920x1080 pixels / 3 bytes per pixel) running for a 100 years would amount to approximately 600 PB of data.

  • Sports: A petabyte's worth of 1 GB flash drives lined up end to end would stretch across 92 football fields.

Prefixes for Multiples of Bits (b) or Bytes (B)

Multiple bits may be expressed and represented in several ways. For convenience of representing commonly reoccurring groups of bits in information technology, several units of information have traditionally been used. The most common is the unit byte, coined by Werner Buchholz in June 1956, which historically was used to represent the group of bits used to encode a single character of text (until UTF-8 multibyte encoding took over) in a computer and for this reason it was used as the basic addressable element in many computer architectures. The trend in hardware design converged on the most common implementation of using eight bits per byte, as it is widely used today. However, because of the ambiguity of relying on the underlying hardware design, the unit octet was defined to explicitly denote a sequence of eight bits.

Computers usually manipulate bits in groups of a fixed size, conventionally named words. Like the byte, the number of bits in a word also varies with the hardware design, and is typically between 8 and 80 bits, or even more in some specialized computers. In the 21st century, retail personal or server computers have a word size of 32 or 64 bits. The International System of Units (SI) defines a series of decimal prefixes for multiples of standardized units which are commonly also used with the bit and the byte. The prefixes kilo (103) through yotta (1024) increment by multiples of 1000, and the corresponding units are the kilobit (kbit) through the yottabit (Ybit).

Decimal

Binary

Value

SI

Value

IEC

JEDEC

1000

103

Kilo (k)

1024

210

Kibi (Ki) Kilo (K)

10002

106

Mega (M)

10242

220

Mebi (Mi) Mega (M)

10003

109

Giga (G)

10243

230

Gibi (Gi) Giga (G)

10004

1012

Tera (T)

10244

240

Tebi (Ti)

-

10005

1015

Peta (P)

10245

250

Pebi (Pi)

-

10006

1018

Exa (E)

10246

260

Exbi (Ei)

-

10007

1021

Zetta (Z)

10247

270

Zebi (Zi)

-

10008

1024

Yotta (Y)

10248

280

Yobi (Yi)

-

10009

1027

Ronna (R)

10249

290

Robi (Ri)

-

100010

1030

Quetta (Q)

102410

2100

Qubi (Qi)

-

Other Data Storage Unit Definitions

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Round (decimal places):

Orders of Magnitude for Data

An order of magnitude is a factor of ten. A quantity growing by four orders of magnitude implies it has grown by a factor of 10,000 or 104. This table presents a list of multiples, sorted by orders of magnitude, for digital information storage measured in bits.

The byte is a common unit of measurement of information (kilobyte, kibibyte, megabyte, mebibyte, gigabyte, gibibyte, terabyte, tebibyte, etc). For the purpose of this table, a byte is a group of 8 bits (octet), a nibble is a group of four bits. Historically, both assumptions have not always been true.

The decimal SI prefixes kilo, mega, giga, tera, etc, are powers of 103 = 1000. The binary prefixes kibi, mebi, gibi, tebi, etc respectively refer to the corresponding power of 210 = 1024. In casual usage, when 1024 is a close enough approximation of 1000, the two corresponding prefixes are equivalent. See our Prefixes for Multiples of Bits (b) or Bytes (B) for more information.

Binary (bits)

Decimal

Item

Factor

Term

Factor

Term

2-3

10-3

Millibit

2-2

10-2

Centibit

2-1

10-1

Decibit

0.415 bits (log2 43) The amount of information needed to eliminate one option out of four.

0.6 - 1.3 bits - Approximate information per letter of English text

20

Bits (b)

100

Bits (b)

1 bit - 0 or 1, False or True, Low or High (aka unibit)

1.442695 bits (log2 e) - Approximate size of a nat (a unit of information based on natural logarithms)

1.5849625 bits (log2 3)- Approximate size of a trit (a base-3 digit)

21

2 bits - A crumb (aka dibit) enough to uniquely identify one base pair of DNA

3 bits - A triad(e), (aka tribit) the size of an octal digit

22

Nibble (nibble)

4 bits - (aka tetrad(e), nibble, quadbit, semioctet, or halfbyte) The size of a hexadecimal digit; decimal digits in binary-coded decimal form

5 bits - The size of code points in the Baudot code, used in telex communication (aka pentad)

6 bits - The size of code points in Univac Fieldata, in IBM "BCD" format, and in Braille. Enough to uniquely identify one codon of genetic code. The size of code points in Base64; thus, often the entropy per character in a randomly-generated password.

7 bits - The size of code points in the ASCII character set

- minimum length to store 2 decimal digits

23

Bytes (B)

8 bits - (aka octet or octad(e)) on many computer architectures.

- Equivalent to 1 "word" on 8-bit computers (Apple II, Atari 800, Commodore 64, et al.).

- The "word size" for 8-bit console systems including: Atari 2600, Nintendo Entertainment System

101

Decabits (dab)

10 bits

- Minimum bit length to store a single byte with error-correcting computer memory

- Minimum frame length to transmit a single byte with asynchronous serial protocols

12 bits - Wordlength of the PDP-8 of Digital Equipment Corporation (built from 1965-1990)

24

16 bits

- The Basic Multilingual Plane of Unicode, containing character codings for almost all modern languages, and a large number of symbols

- The basic unit in UTF-16; The full Universal Character Set (Unicode) can be encoded in one or two of these

- Commonly used in many programming languages, the size of an integer capable of holding 65,536 different values

- Equivalent to 1 "word" on 16-bit computers (IBM PC, Commodore Amiga)

- The "word size" for 16-bit console systems including: Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo, Mattel Intellivision

25

32 bits (4 bytes)

- Size of an integer capable of holding 4,294,967,296 different values

- Size of an IEEE 754 single-precision floating point number

- Size of addresses in IPv4, the current Internet protocol

- Equivalent to 1 "word" on 32-bit computers (Apple Macintosh, Pentium-based PC).

- The "word size" for various console systems including: PlayStation, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Wii

36 bits - Size of word on Univac 1100-series computers and Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-10

56 bits (7 bytes) - Cipher strength of the DES encryption standard

26

64 bits (8 bytes)

- Size of an integer capable of holding 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 different values

- Size of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point number

- Equivalent to 1 "word" on 64-bit computers (Power, PA-Risc, Alpha, Itanium, Sparc, x86-64 PCs and Macintoshes).

- The "word size" for 64-bit console systems including: Nintendo 64, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360

80 bits (10 bytes) - Size of an extended precision floating point number, for intermediate calculations that can be performed in floating point units of most processors of the x86 family.

102

Hectobits (hb)

100 bits

27

128 bits (16 bytes)

- Size of addresses in IPv6, the successor protocol of IPv4

- Minimum cipher strength of the Rijndael and AES encryption standards, and of the widely used MD5 cryptographic message digest algorithm

- Size of an SSE vector register, included as part of the x86-64 standard

160 bits - Maximum key length of the SHA-1, standard Tiger (hash), and Tiger2 cryptographic message digest algorithms

28

256 bits (32 bytes)

- Minimum key length for the recommended strong cryptographic message digests as of 2004

- Size of an AVX2 vector register, present on newer x86-64 CPUs

29

512 bits (64 bytes)

- Maximum key length for the standard strong cryptographic message digests in 2004

- Size of an AVX-512 vector register, present on some x86-64 CPUs

103

Kilobits (kb)

1,000 bits

210

Kibibits (Kib)

1,024 bits (128 bytes) - RAM capacity of the Atari 2600

1,288 bits - Approximate maximum capacity of a standard magnetic stripe card

211

2,048 bits (256 bytes) - RAM capacity of the stock Altair 8800

212

4,096 bits (512 bytes)

- Typical sector size, and minimum space allocation unit on computer storage volumes, with most file systems

- Approximate amount of information on a sheet of single-spaced typewritten paper (without formatting)

4,704 bits (588 bytes) - Uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with medium quality

8-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz (or 16-bit sampling at 22,050 Hz)

Kilobytes (KB)

8,000 bits (1,000 bytes)

213

Kibibytes (KiB)

8,192 bits (1,024 bytes) - RAM capacity of a Sinclair ZX81.

9,408 bits (1,176 bytes) - Uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with standard 16-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz

104

15,360 bits - One screen of data displayed on an 8-bit monochrome text console (80x24)

214

16,384 bits (2 kibibytes) - One page of typed text, RAM capacity of Nintendo Entertainment System

215

32,768 bits (4 kibibytes)

216

65,536 bits (8 kibibytes)

105

100,000 bits

217

131,072 bits (16 kibibytes) - RAM capacity of the smallest Sinclair ZX Spectrum.

218

262,144 bits (32 kibibytes) - RAM capacity of Matra Alice 90

393,216 bits (48 kibibytes) - RAM capacity of 48K Sinclair ZX Spectrum

496 kilobits - Approximate size of this page

219

524,288 bits (64 kibibytes) - RAM capacity of a lot of popular 8-bit computers like the C-64, Amstrad CPC etc.

106

Megabits (Mb)

1,000,000 bits

220

Mebibits (Mib)

1,048,576 bits (128 kibibytes) - RAM capacity of popular 8-bit computers like the C-128, Amstrad CPC etc. Or a 1024 x 768 pixel jpeg image.

1,978,560 bits - A one-page, standard-resolution black-and-white fax (1728 × 1145 pixels)

221

2,097,152 bits (256 kibibytes)

4,147,200 bits - One frame of uncompressed NTSC DVD video (720 × 480 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)

222

4,194,304 bits (512 kibibytes)

4,976,640 bits - One frame of uncompressed PAL DVD video (720 × 576 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)

5,000,000 bits - Typical English book volume in plain text format of 500 pages × 2000 characters per page and 5-bits per character.

5,242,880 bits (640 kibibytes) - The maximum addressable memory of the original IBM PC architecture

Megabytes (MB)

8,000,000 bits (1,000 kilobytes) - The preferred definition of megabyte

8,343,400 bits - One "typical" sized photograph with reasonably good quality (1024 × 768 pixels).

223

Mebibytes (MiB)

8,388,608 bits (1,024 kibibytes) - One of a few traditional meanings of megabyte

107

11,520,000 bits - Capacity of a lower-resolution computer monitor (as of 2006), 800 × 600 pixels, 24 bpp

11,796,480 bits - Capacity of a 3.5 in floppy disk, colloquially known as 1.44 megabyte but actually 1.44 × 1000 × 1024 bytes

224

16,777,216 bits (2 mebibytes)

25,000,000 bits - Amount of data in a typical color slide

30,000,000 bits - The first commercial harddisk IBM 350 in 1956 could store 3.75 MiB for a cost of 50,000 USD, equivalent to 470195.84 USD in 2013.

225

33,554,432 bits (4 mebibytes) - RAM capacity of stock Nintendo 64 and average size of a music track in MP3 format.

41,943,040 bits (5 mebibytes) - Approximate size of the Complete Works of Shakespeare

80,000,000 bits - In 1985 a 10 MB harddisk cost 710 USD, equivalent to 1687.79 USD in 2013.

98,304,000 bits - Capacity of a high-resolution computer monitor as of 2011, 2560 × 1600 pixels, 24 bpp

50 - 100 megabits - Amount of information in a typical phone book

226

108

67,108,864 bits (8 mebibytes)

227

134,217,728 bits (16 mebibytes)

150 megabits - Amount of data in a large foldout map

228

268,435,456 bits (32 mebibytes)

144,000,000 bits - In 1980 an 18 MB harddisk cost 4,199 USD, equivalent to 13029.45 USD in 2013.

423,360,000 bits - A five minute audio recording, in CDDA quality

229

536,870,912 bits (64 mebibytes)

109

Gigabits (Gb)

1,000,000,000 bits

230

Gibibits (Gib)

1,073,741,824 bits (128 mebibytes)

231

2,147,483,648 bits (256 mebibytes)

232

4,294,967,296 bits (512 mebibytes)

5.45×109 bits (650 mebibytes) - Capacity of a regular compact disc (CD)

5.89×109 bits (702 mebibytes) - Capacity of a large regular compact disc

6.4×109 bits - Capacity of the human genome (assuming 2 bits for each base pair)

6,710,886,400 bits - Average size of a movie in Divx format in 2002.

Gigabytes (GB)

8,000,000,000 bits (1,000 megabytes) - In 1995 a 1 GB harddisk cost 849 USD, equivalent to 1424.52 USD in 2013.

233

Gibibytes (GiB)

8,589,934,592 bits (1,024 mebibytes) - The maximum disk capacity using the 21-bit LBA SCSI standard introduced in 1979.

1010

10,000,000,000 bits

234

17,179,869,184 bits (2 gibibytes) - The storage limit of IDE standard for harddisks in 1986, also the volume size limit for the FAT16B file system (with 32 KiB clusters) released in 1987 as well as the maximum file size (2 GiB-1) in DOS operating systems prior to the introduction of large file support in DOS 7.10 (1997).

235

34,359,738,368 bits (4 gibibytes) - Maximum addressable memory for the Motorola 68020 (1984) and Intel 80386 (1985), also the volume size limit for the FAT16B file system (with 64 KiB clusters) as well as the maximum file size (4 GiB-1) in MS-DOS 7.1-8.0.

3.76×1010 bits (4.7 gigabytes) - Capacity of a single-layer, single-sided DVD

236

68,719,476,736 bits (8 gibibytes)

79,215,880,888 bits - 9.2 GiB size of Wikipedia article text compressed with bzip2 on 2013-06-05

1011

100,000,000,000 bits

237

137,438,953,472 bits (16 gibibytes).

1.46×1011 bits (17 gigabytes) - Capacity of a double-sided, dual-layered DVD

2.15×1011 bits (25 gigabytes) - Capacity of a single-sided, single-layered 12-cm Blu-ray disc

238

274,877,906,944 bits (32 gibibytes)

239

549,755,813,888 bits (64 gibibytes)

1012

Terabits (Tb)

1,000,000,000,000 bits

240

Tebibits (Tib)

1,099,511,627,776 bits (128 gibibytes) - Estimated capacity of the Polychaos dubium genome, the largest known genome. The storage limit for ATA-1 compliant disks introduced in 1994.

1.6×1012 bits (200 gigabytes) - Capacity of a hard disk that would be considered average as of 2008. In 2005 a 200 GB harddisk cost 100 USD, equivalent to 130.91 USD in 2013. As of April 2015, this is the maximum capacity of a fingernail-sized microSD card.

241

2,199,023,255,552 bits (256 gibibytes) - As of 2017, this is the maximum capacity of a fingernail-sized microSD card

242

4,398,046,511,104 bits (512 gibibytes)

Terabytes (TB)

8,000,000,000,000 bits (1,000 gigabytes) - In 2010 a 1 TB harddisk cost 80 USD, equivalent to 93.8 USD in 2013.

243

Tebibytes (TiB)

8,796,093,022,208 bits (1,024 gibibytes)

(approximately) 8.97×1012 bits - As of 2010, data of π to the largest number of decimal digits ever calculated (2.7×1012)

1013

10,000,000,000,000 bits (1.25 terabytes) - Capacity of a human being's functional memory, according to Raymond Kurzweil in The Singularity Is Near, pg. 126

16,435,678,019,584 bits (1.9 terabytes) - Size of all multimedia files used in English wikipedia on May 2012

244

17,592,186,044,416 bits (2 tebibytes) - Maximum size of MBR partitions used in PCs introduced in 1983, also the maximum disk capacity using the 32-bit LBA SCSI introduced in 1987

245

35,184,372,088,832 bits (4 tebibytes)

245

70,368,744,177,664 bits (8 tebibytes)

1014

100,000,000,000,000 bits

247

140,737,488,355,328 bits (16 tebibytes) - NTFS volume capacity in Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 or earlier implementation.

1.5×1014 bits (18.75 terabytes)

248

281,474,976,710,656 bits (32 tebibytes)

249

562,949,953,421,312 bits (64 tebibytes)

1015

Petabits (Pb)

1,000,000,000,000,000 bits

250

Pebibits (Pib)

1,125,899,906,842,624 bits (128 tebibytes)

251

2,251,799,813,685,248 bits (256 tebibytes)

252

4,503,599,627,370,496 bits (512 tebibytes)

Petabytes (PB)

8,000,000,000,000,000 bits (1,000 terabytes)

253

Pebibytes (PiB)

9,007,199,254,740,992 bits (1,024 tebibytes)

1016

10,000,000,000,000,000 bits

254

18,014,398,509,481,984 bits (2 pebibytes)

255

36,028,797,018,963,968 bits (4 pebibytes) - Theoretical maximum of addressable physical memory in the AMD64 architecture

4.5×1016 bits (5.625 petabytes) - Estimated hard drive space in Google's server farm as of 2004

256

72,057,594,037,927,936 bits (8 pebibytes)

10 petabytes (1016 bytes) - Estimated approximate size of the Library of Congress's collection, including non-book materials, as of 2005. Size of the Internet Archive topped 10 PB in October 2013

1017

100,000,000,000,000,000 bits

257

144,115,188,075,855,872 bits (16 pebibytes)

2×1017 bits (25 petabytes) - Storage space of Megaupload file-hosting service at the time it was shut down in 2012

258

288,230,376,151,711,744 bits (32 pebibytes)

259

576,460,752,303,423,488 bits (64 pebibytes)

8×1017 bits - The storage capacity of the fictional Star Trek character Data

1018

Exabits (Eb)

1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

260

Exbibits (Eib)

1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bits (128 pebibytes) - The storage limit using the 48-bit LBA ATA-6 standard introduced in 2002.

1.6×1018 bits (200 petabytes) - Total amount of printed material in the world

2×1018 bits (250 petabytes) - Storage space at Facebook data warehouse as of June 2013, growing at a rate of 15 PB/month.

261

2,305,843,009,213,693,952 bits (256 pebibytes)

2.4×1018 bits (300 petabytes) - Storage space at Facebook data warehouse as of April 2014, growing at a rate of 0.6 PB/day.

262

4,611,686,018,427,387,904 bits (512 pebibytes)

Exabytes (EB)

8,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (1,000 petabytes)

263

Exbibytes (EiB)

9,223,372,036,854,775,808 bits (1,024 pebibytes)

1019

10,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

264

18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bits (2 exbibytes)

265

36,893,488,147,419,103,232 bits (4 exbibytes)

50,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (50 exabit)

266

73,786,976,294,838,206,464 bits (8 exbibytes)

1020

100,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

1.2×1020 bits (15 exabytes) - Estimated storage space at Google data warehouse as of 2013

267

147,573,952,589,676,412,928 bits (16 exbibytes) - Maximum addressable memory using 64-bit addresses without segmentation. Maximum volume and file size for ZFS filesystem.

268

295,147,905,179,352,825,856 bits (32 exbibytes)

3.5 × 1020 bits - Increase in information capacity when 1 Joule of energy is added to a heat-bath at 300 K (27 °C)

269

590,295,810,358,705,651,712 bits (64 exbibytes)

1021

Zettabits (Zb)

1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

270

Zebibits (Zib)

1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bits (128 exbibytes)

271

2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 bits (256 exbibytes)

3.4×1021 bits (0.36 zettabytes) - Amount of information that can be stored in 1 gram of DNA

4.7×1021 bits (0.50 zettabytes) - Amount of digitally stored information in the world as of May 2009

4.8×1021 bits (0.61 zettabytes) - Total hard drive capacity shipped in 2016

272

4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 bits (512 exbibytes)

Zettabytes (ZB)

8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (1,000 exabytes)

273

Zebibytes (ZiB)

9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 bits (1,024 exbibytes)

1022

10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

276

276 bits - Maximum volume and file size in the Unix File System (UFS) and maximum disk capacity using the 64-bit LBA SCSI standard introduced in 2000 using 512-byte blocks.

1023

1.0×1023 bits - Increase in information capacity when 1 Joule of energy is added to a heat-bath at 1 K (−272.15 °C)

277

6.0×1023 bits - Information content of 1 mole (12.01 g) of graphite at 25 °C; equivalent to an average of 0.996 bits per atom.

1024

Yottabits (Yb)

1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits

7.3×1024 bits - Information content of 1 mole (18.02 g) of liquid water at 25 °C; equivalent to an average of 12.14 bits per molecule.

280

Yobibits (Yib)

1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bits (128 zebibytes)

Yottabytes (YB)

8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (1,000 zettabytes)

283

Yobibytes (YiB)

9,671,406,556,917,033,397,649,408 bits (1,024 zebibytes)

1025

1.1×1025 bits - Entropy increase of 1 mole (18.02 g) of water, on vaporizing at 100 °C at standard pressure; equivalent to an average of 18.90 bits per molecule.

1.5×1025 bits - Information content of 1 mole (20.18 g) of neon gas at 25 °C and 1 atm; equivalent to an average of 25.39 bits per atom.

Beyond Standardized SI / IEC (Binary) Prefixes

2150

N/A

1045

N/A

~ 1045 bits - The number of bits required to perfectly recreate the natural matter of the average-sized U.S. adult male human brain down to the quantum level on a computer is about 2×1045 bits of information (see Bekenstein bound for the basis for this calculation).

2193

1058

~ 1058 bits - Thermodynamic entropy of the sun (about 30 bits per proton, plus 10 bits per electron).

2230

1069

~ 1069 bits - Thermodynamic entropy of the Milky Way Galaxy (counting only the stars, not the black holes within the galaxy)

2255

1077

1.5×1077 bits - Information content of a one-solar-mass black hole.

2305

1090

The information capacity of the observable universe, according to Seth Lloyd. (not including gravitation)

Related Definitions

Disclaimer

Though every effort has been made to test this unit converter, we are not to be held liable for any special, incidental, indirect or consequential damages or monetary losses of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use of any of the converter tools and information sourced from this website. This unit converter is provided as a service to you, please use at your own risk. Do not use calculations for anything where loss of life, money, property, etc could result from inaccurate unit conversions.

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Sources

“Petabyte.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 Apr. 2020, en.wi kipedia.org/wiki/Petabyte.

“Orders of Magnitude (Data).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Mar. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(data).

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